Increased Achievement. The relationship between management and achievement is well documented
(Blumenfeld, Pintrich, & Hamilton, 1987; Evertson, 1987). Purkey and Smith (1983)
identified effective management as one of the four key characteristics of an effective school.
Wang, Haertel, and Walberg (1993), in a comprehensive review of the literature on factors influencing
learning, conclude, “Effective classroom management has been shown to increase
student engagement, decrease disruptive behaviors, and enhance use of instructional time, all
of which results in improved student achievement” (p. 262). In short, effective management is
an essential ingredient of effective teaching.
Increased Motivation. Order and safety are