Keeping pet dogs outside consigns them to a life of loneliness and frustration," the MSPCA's Rob Halpin told The Dodo.
"Dogs are highly social animals whose ancestors and cousins — the wolves — live in packs. Wolves hunt together, sleep together and play together," Halpin said.
"Dogs don't have packs. They only have us," he added. "Depriving dogs of human companionship by forcing them to live outside blunts their natural desires and is its own form of animal cruelty.