Figure 15.22. stimulus arrangement used in studying information value and secondary reinforcement. Animals in both Group A and B always received stimulus 2 whenever a food pellet was delivered. For Group A, Stimulus 1-A was always given before, during, and after stimulus 2; because stimulus 2 never provided any information that was not already provided by stimulus 1-A.it was said to be redundant and predicted to be low in secondary reinforcement value. For Group B, Stimulus 1-B also enveloped Stimulus 2, but because Stimulus 2 always preceded food pellet delivery while-stimulus 1-B sometime occurred in the absence of food, Stimulus 2 provided information not carried by Stimulus 1-B and so was predicted to be the better secondary reinforcer. (Aff Egger & Miller, 1962 )