Significant j-shaped relationship between coffee consumption and hf risk.The strongest inverse association was observed for a moderate consumption of 4 or 5 servings per day (pooled RR 0.89,95% CI 0.81-0.99),after which the curve reached a plateau and reverted at higher levels of consumption.Although these findings seem to suggest no detrimental effects of coffee consumption on the risk of HF,until now evidence in this field is limited to Scandinavian studies.Perhaps,the relationship between coffee and HF might differ by region.Thus,to provide a more complete picture,further studies with different cultural and geographic backgrounds,or with different HF entities (such as diastolic and systolic),are warranted