Statistical Analyses. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (SPSS version 15;
SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois). The classification of students as high or low smartphone users was
based on the median SAS score.19 The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to test the normality of the distribution of continuous variables. Normally distributed continuous data are presented asmean 6 standard deviation. Median and interquartile ranges (range of values lying between the 25th and 75th percentiles) were used for the non–normally distributed variables. The chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables, as shown with frequencies. Comparisons of 2 groups were performed with the Student t-test and the Mann– Whitney U-test for parametric and non-parametric data, respectively. Comparisons of the parametric