Educational evaluation includes a broad array of assessment approaches including both traditional and nontraditional techniques. Traditional assessments measure student learning with paper-and-pencil tests, while alternative assessments seek to measure learning along with students' ability to reason and think critically. Both types of assessments can use objective, selected-response items and subjective, constructed-response items. Selected-response items limit the range of student responses through, for example, traditional multiple choice problems, or alternative self-assessment. Constructed-response items allow students to create their own responses to assessment prompts and can include traditional essays and alternative performance assessments (see Table 1).