used case study to examine the extent of integration between manufacturers and 3PLs. They also investigated the roles of enablers such as cooperation, and information and communications technology tools, and the types of services provided by 3PLs in the future. In summary, these studies suggest the importance of understanding differences in perceived performance of strategic alliance relationships, as well as understanding the roles of enabling factors on these relationships. First, we seek to analyze whether the two groups (firms that integrate with 3PLs versus firms that do not) enjoy significantly different levels of firm performance. Next, we discuss whether or not the importance attached to the enablers is significantly different across these two groups.