DiscussionWe clearly demonstrated that weaning was the deter-mining factor that caused vocalisation, while castrationdid not result in increased vocalisation in calves that werealready weaned 8 weeks before (group Cas-8). In compar-ison to weaning only (group Bull-0), the combination ofweaning and castration did not enhance the number ofcalls. Thus, the main cause for vocalisation can be attributedto weaning. A strong decrease in the standing/walking andincrease in the lying duration during the observation periodwas