Research is a logical and systematic search for new and useful information on a particular topic
Research is done with the help of study, experiment, observation, analysis, comparison and reasoning
Research is in fact ubiquitous.
1. Selection of a research topic
2. Definition of a research problem
3. Literature survey and reference collection 4. Formulation of hypotheses
5. Research design (Experimental design) 6. Actual investigation
7. Data analysis (Statistical analysis)
8. Interpretation of result
9. Report
The basic principle for experimental design
1. Comparison/control
the experimental group is compared to concurrent controls (rather than to historical controls)
2. Replication
Reduce the effect of uncontrolled variation (i.e., increase precision)
The basic principle for experimental design 3. Randomization
Experimental subjects (“units”) should be assigned to treatment groups at random to avoid bias and control the role of chance
Statistics – derived from Statistik
Data, or information necessary to interpret the
results for solving the problem (hypothesis)
For statistical analysis, divided to 2 categories
Descriptive statistics Inferential statistics
Descriptive statistics
numbers that are used to summarize and describe data collected from an experiment, a survey, a historical record
Average (Means)
Median
Standard deviation,
Inferential statistics
infer from the sample to the population
determine probability of characteristics of population based on the characteristics of sample or data
Inferential statistics
One sample test of difference/One sample hypothesis test
Confidence Interval
Contingency Tables and Chi Square Statistic T-test or Anova, etc.
Definition
Report of the performed activities and their results
“The Formulation of anti-aging serum containing banana peel extracts”
“Investigation of fruit peel extracts as sources for compounds with antioxidant and antiproliferative activities against human cell lines
Research is a logical and systematic search for new and useful information on a particular topicResearch is done with the help of study, experiment, observation, analysis, comparison and reasoning Research is in fact ubiquitous.1. Selection of a research topic2. Definition of a research problem3. Literature survey and reference collection 4. Formulation of hypotheses5. Research design (Experimental design) 6. Actual investigation7. Data analysis (Statistical analysis)8. Interpretation of result9. ReportThe basic principle for experimental design1. Comparison/controlthe experimental group is compared to concurrent controls (rather than to historical controls)2. ReplicationReduce the effect of uncontrolled variation (i.e., increase precision)The basic principle for experimental design 3. RandomizationExperimental subjects (“units”) should be assigned to treatment groups at random to avoid bias and control the role of chanceStatistics – derived from StatistikData, or information necessary to interpret theresults for solving the problem (hypothesis) For statistical analysis, divided to 2 categoriesDescriptive statistics Inferential statisticsDescriptive statistics numbers that are used to summarize and describe data collected from an experiment, a survey, a historical recordAverage (Means) Median Standard deviation,Inferential statistics infer from the sample to the population determine probability of characteristics of population based on the characteristics of sample or dataInferential statisticsOne sample test of difference/One sample hypothesis testConfidence IntervalContingency Tables and Chi Square Statistic T-test or Anova, etc.Definition Report of the performed activities and their results“The Formulation of anti-aging serum containing banana peel extracts”“Investigation of fruit peel extracts as sources for compounds with antioxidant and antiproliferative activities against human cell lines
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..