3.1 The development and testing of the model
The model was developed over a lengthy period by the research team and underwent a
number of iterations, in keeping with the action research methodology applied; from the
complex and unworkable to what is now considered a practical model for implementation.
Various drivers, constraints and influences that impacted the model in each country were
considered by the research team to ensure the model allowed for variances. These
allowances were crucial to the development of a model, designed to have global application.
In addition, feedback from participants at three presentations of the model challenged the
researchers to reduce the complexity of earlier iterations[3]. During the development phase,
the draft model was also provided to a range of stakeholders, including academics and
members of professional bodies, for feedback, which led to further refinement of the model.
Each researcher followed strict guidelines in applying the model to their country
(thus addressing the questions designed in the model and reported later in this paper) to
ensure consistency, while allowing for some variation to reflect national-specific
requirements. The process was significant in that it enabled the project team to further
refine the model based on each person’s application of the model in the three countries in
this study. Thus a cycle of model development, testing and refinement occurred.
4. A global model of accounting education
The model (see Figure 1) is designed to assist interested parties in any country to
identify and develop their own unique system of accounting education. It is a starting
point for conversation, not an end point. It is not designed to cover all relevant questions
for each country as this is not possible given the unique aspects of different countries
previously discussed. This model is available as an interactive resource at: