The failure to discuss nationalism or xenophobia is the other great short-coming of Barnett’s book. Presumably he considered China’s foreign relations beyond the scope of this work. But without discussing these or the nationalism associated with them it is impossible to understand fully the internal political, social, and economic developments in this period. For instance, America’s direct interference in the Chinese civil war in June 1950, and, in November of that year, China’s intervention in Korea, where she had previously been uninvolved, enabled the regime to demand and receive economic and personal sacrifices for China which it would have been difficult to obtain in the name of Socialism. The Chinese ability to check the American army in Korea had a great influence on such “purely domestic” issues as “thought reform.” After 1952 the Chinese government was able to claim convincingly that it had won China’s first victory over the Western powers, who for a hundred years had so humiliated her. This triumph has placed all those with serious doubts about the regime in an almost impossible position. The Chinese Communist party states repeatedly that all those who are not for it are against it. Thus to doubt is to oppose, and in opposing the party they are opposing the first government to have made China stand up in the modern world. Hence they are opposing China herself. An important element in the success of “thought reform” and “ideological remoulding” is the pressure on the individual brought to bear by the conviction that his doubts make him an enemy of China and the Chinese people. Even now, when the government has failed to produce a major improvement in the standard of living, and has obliterated any trace of freedom, it remains the Chinese Government, the symbol of the power of the Chinese people. Thus when China first exploded an atomic bomb, Chinese from Szechwan to San Francisco must have felt a surge of pride.