It can be seen that in the obtained samples of sunflower oil oleic
and linoleic acids are present in free form. Stearic and palmitic
acids were not detected in the free form. Oil samples obtained by
SubWE contain small amounts of total FFAs. Smallest amounts
can be observed at 60 C (<2.6 wt.%), followed by 100 C (<3.8
wt.%), 130 C (<4.4 wt.%) and 160 C (<5.1 wt.%). Oil samples
obtained by Soxhlet extraction contained less than 3.5 wt.% of total
FFAs. SubWE therefore produces higher amounts of FFAs than the
Soxhlet extraction at temperatures higher than 60 C. Generally
crude sunflower oil contains approximately 0.5 or more % of total
FFAs (Campbell, 1983) but according to the American Oils and Fats
Association (Grompone, 2011) a maximum of 2% of total FFA is
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120
te,Soxhlet [min]
OE [wt. %]
te, SubWE [min]
(a)
60 °C 100 °C 130 °C 1/10 g/mL
130 °C 1/20 g/mL 130 °C 1/30 g/mL 160 °C
Soxhlet
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120
WSE [wt. %]
te [min]
(b)
60 °C 100 °C 130 °C 1/10 g/mL
130 °C 1/20 g/mL 130 °C 1/30 g/mL 160 °C
Fig. 1. Extraction kinetics of oil extract (OE) obtained using subcritical water at different extraction conditions and comparison of extraction kinetics of OE using the Soxhlet
extraction (a) and extraction kinetics of water soluble extract (WSE) obtained using subcritical water at different extraction conditions (b
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