The following parameters were calculated from
experimental data collected over a range of conditions:
the wind velocity (U); the force acting in the opposite
direction to the wind, known as drag (D); the force
acting perpendicular to the wind direction, known as
lift (L); and the force acting sideways based on a frontal
view (S). The aerodynamic forces detected in the
experiment were converted to the drag coefficient (Cd),
the lift coefficient (Cl) and the lateral-force coefficient
(Cs), as shown in eqns. 1–3