As stated by Ball and Shivakumar (2005), timely loss recognition is a crucial
attribute of earnings quality, enhancing information usefulness for example in
loan agreements. For this reason, the second dimension of earnings quality
analysed in this study is the timely loss recognition (TLR). We first measure TLR
using the Basu (1997) changes-in-earnings model. In the first specification,
changes in income are regressed on lagged changes in income as defined by
equation (3).