With insufficient water resources to meet rising water demand,
many sources of water (e.g., groundwater) that are considered easy
to be developed geographically and technologically have been
overexploited in many developing countries (Llamas and Martínez-
Santos, 2005; Jiang, 2009). This short-term strategy is likely to have
detrimental effects on the environment, such as ground subsidence,
salinity intrusion, and ecosystem deterioration (Kivaisi,
2001). In addition, many cities in developing countries have also