In recent decades the historicist position has fallen out of favor for a more critical and interpretive approach to the historicity of the Aztec mythical accounts based on the original approach of Brinton. This approach applies a different understanding of the word Toltec to the interpretation of the Aztec sources, interpreting it as largely a mythical and philosophical construct by either the Aztecs or Mesoamericans generally that served to symbolize the might and sophistication of several civilizations during the Mesoamerican Postclassic period.
Scholars such as Michel Graulich (2002) and Susan D. Gillespie (1989) maintained that the difficulties in salvaging historic data from the Aztec accounts of Toltec history are too great to overcome. For example, there are two supposed Toltec rulers identified with Quetzalcoatl: the first ruler and founder of the Toltec dynasty and the last ruler, who saw the end of the Toltec glory and was forced into humiliation and exile. The first is described as a valiant triumphant warrior, but the last as a feeble and self-doubting old man. This caused Graulich and Gillespie to suggest that the general Aztec cyclical view of time, where events repeated themselves at the end and beginning of cycles or eras was being inscribed into the historical record by the Aztecs, making it futile to attempt to distinguish between a historical Topiltzin Ce Acatl and a Quetzalcoatl deity. Graulich argued that the Toltec era is best considered the fourth of the five Aztec mythical "Suns" or ages, the one immediately preceding the fifth sun of the Aztec people, presided over by Quetzalcoatl. This caused Graulich to consider that the only possibly historical data in the Aztec chronicles are the names of some rulers and possibly some of the conquests ascribed to them.[8]
Furthermore, among the Nahuan peoples the word "Tolteca" was synonymous with artist, artisan or wise man, and "toltecayotl." "Toltecness" meant art, culture and civilization, and urbanism and was seen as the opposite of "Chichimecayotl" ("Chichimecness"), which symbolized the savage, nomadic state of peoples who had not yet become urbanized. This interpretation argues that any large urban center in Mesoamerica could be referred to as "Tollan" and its inhabitants as Toltecs – and that it was common practice among ruling lineages in Postclassic Mesoamerica to strengthen claims to power by claiming Toltec ancestry. Mesoamerican migration accounts often state that Tollan was ruled by Quetzalcoatl (or Kukulkan in Yucatec and Q'uq'umatz in K'iche'), a godlike mythical figure who was later sent into exile from Tollan and went on to found a new city elsewhere in Mesoamerica. Claims of Toltec ancestry and a ruling dynasty founded by Quetzalcoatl have been made by such diverse civilizations as the Aztec, the K'iche' and the Itza' Mayas.
While the skeptical school of thought does not deny that cultural traits of a seemingly central Mexican origin have diffused into a larger area of Mesoamerica, it tends to ascribe this to the dominance of Teotihuacán in the Classic period and the general diffusion of cultural traits within the region. Recent scholarship, then, does not see Tula, Hidalgo as the capital of the Toltecs of the Aztec accounts. Rather, it takes "Toltec" to mean simply an inhabitant of Tula during its apogee. Separating the term "Toltec" from those of the Aztec accounts, it attempts to find archaeological clues to the ethnicity, history and social organization of the inhabitants of Tula
ในทศวรรษที่ผ่านมาล่าสุด ตำแหน่ง historicist ตกตกกระป๋องสำหรับวิธีการสำคัญมาก และ interpretive เพื่อ historicity บัญชีตำนาน Aztec ตามวิธีดั้งเดิมของ Brinton วิธีการนี้ใช้ความเข้าใจแตกต่างกันของคำ Toltec Aztec แหล่ง ทำนายมันเป็นส่วนใหญ่เป็นตำนาน และปรัชญาสร้างโดย Aztecs หรือ Mesoamericans โดยทั่วไปเพื่อเป็นสื่ออาจจะตีความและความซับซ้อนของหลายอารยธรรมช่วง Postclassic ในอเมริกากลางนักวิชาการ Michel Graulich (2002) และซูซาน D. Gillespie (1989) ยังคงอยู่ความยากลำบากใน salvaging ข้อมูลประวัติศาสตร์จากบัญชี Aztec Toltec ประวัติศาสตร์มากเกินไปที่จะเอาชนะ ตัวอย่าง มีสองควร Toltec ไม้มีเกวตซัลโกอัตล์: ไม้บรรทัดแรกและผู้ก่อตั้งราชวงศ์ Toltec และสุดท้ายไม้บรรทัด เห็นสิ้นเกียรติ Toltec และถูกบังคับให้ขายหน้าและถูกเนรเทศ ครั้งแรกจะระบุเป็นนัก รบกล้าหาญวารสาร แต่สุดท้ายเป็นความเบาบาง และคน self-doubting นี้เกิดจาก Graulich และ Gillespie แนะนำว่า มองแบบ Aztec ทั่วไปเวลา ซึ่งเหตุการณ์ซ้ำตัวเองที่สุดและจุดเริ่มต้นของวงจรหรือช่วงที่ถูกจารึกลงในบันทึกทางประวัติศาสตร์ โดย Aztecs ทำให้ไร้ประโยชน์พยายามแยกระหว่าง Ce Acatl ของ Topiltzin ประวัติศาสตร์และพระเกวตซัลโกอัตล์ Graulich โต้เถียงว่า ยุค Toltec สุดถือว่าเป็นวันที่สี่ของ Aztec ห้าตำนาน "ดวงอาทิตย์" หรือวัย หนึ่งก่อนดวงอาทิตย์ห้าของชาว Aztec แท่ง ๆ โดยเกวตซัลโกอัตล์รอบ นี้เกิดจาก Graulich ต้องพิจารณาข้อมูลประวัติศาสตร์อาจจะเฉพาะในพงศาวดาร Aztec ใช้ชื่อของไม้บาง และอาจพ่วง ascribed ไปบาง [8]Furthermore, among the Nahuan peoples the word "Tolteca" was synonymous with artist, artisan or wise man, and "toltecayotl." "Toltecness" meant art, culture and civilization, and urbanism and was seen as the opposite of "Chichimecayotl" ("Chichimecness"), which symbolized the savage, nomadic state of peoples who had not yet become urbanized. This interpretation argues that any large urban center in Mesoamerica could be referred to as "Tollan" and its inhabitants as Toltecs – and that it was common practice among ruling lineages in Postclassic Mesoamerica to strengthen claims to power by claiming Toltec ancestry. Mesoamerican migration accounts often state that Tollan was ruled by Quetzalcoatl (or Kukulkan in Yucatec and Q'uq'umatz in K'iche'), a godlike mythical figure who was later sent into exile from Tollan and went on to found a new city elsewhere in Mesoamerica. Claims of Toltec ancestry and a ruling dynasty founded by Quetzalcoatl have been made by such diverse civilizations as the Aztec, the K'iche' and the Itza' Mayas.While the skeptical school of thought does not deny that cultural traits of a seemingly central Mexican origin have diffused into a larger area of Mesoamerica, it tends to ascribe this to the dominance of Teotihuacán in the Classic period and the general diffusion of cultural traits within the region. Recent scholarship, then, does not see Tula, Hidalgo as the capital of the Toltecs of the Aztec accounts. Rather, it takes "Toltec" to mean simply an inhabitant of Tula during its apogee. Separating the term "Toltec" from those of the Aztec accounts, it attempts to find archaeological clues to the ethnicity, history and social organization of the inhabitants of Tula
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