And
a gas-to-particle conversion by chemical reaction also occurs
between the evaporated metals and the ultrafine, irregular,
attrited particles. It can be assumed as two pathways of submicron
particles, one by common nucleation–condensation and the
other by the attrition of fragmented bed materials [27]. In the
previous study, the spherical shape of submicron particles was
observed, which implies that latter pathway is less competitive
than the former one.