Nonpharmacological methods of pain relieftended to be carried out by parents.This may be an effective way of involving parents in children’s pain care. However,no dialogue was observed between parents and nurses about this, and so perhaps this was a role parents simply took on. Other studies have found that nonpharmacological methods of pain relief are not used as often as they could be (He et al., 2010; Twycross, 2007). Lack of nonpharmacological inter- ventions could be attributable to these strategies not being considered a nursing role, with pain care seen assynonymous with administering analgesics