Abstract
Water, raw materials, and energy are key resources used in the food-processing industry. In particular, water is used as ingredient, cleaning source, and conveyor of raw materials, and to sanitize plant machinery and areas. Subsequently, effluents from many agro-food industries are a hazard to the environment and require appropriate management approaches.
Wastewaters generated by different branches of the agro-food industry can be divided into two classes (on the basis of plant or animal origin) and seven subclasses