the topic of recognition is given its most influential early
treatment in Hegel.13
The importance of recognition is now universally acknowledged
in one form or another; on an intimate plane, we are
all aware of how identity can be formed or malformed
through the course of our contact with significant others. On
the social plane, we have a continuing politics of equal recognition.
Both planes have been shaped by the growing ideal
of authenticity, and recognition plays an essential role in the
culture that has arisen around this ideal.
On the intimate level, we can see how much an original
identity needs and is vulnerable to the recognition given or
withheld by significant others. It is not surprising that in the
culture of authenticity, relationships are seen as the key loci
of self-discovery and self-affirmation. Love relationships are
not just important because of the general emphasis in modern
culture on the fulfillments of ordinary needs. They are
also crucial because they are the crucibles of inwardly generated
identity.
On the social plane, the understanding that identities are
formed in open dialogue, unshaped by a predefined social
script, has made the politics of equal recognition more central
and stressful. It has, in fact, considerably raised the
stakes. Equal recognition is not just the appropriate mode for
a healthy democratic society. Its refusal can inflict damage
on those who are denied it, according to a widespread modern
view, as I indicated at the outset. The projection of an
inferior or demeaning image on another can actually distort
and oppress, to the extent that the image is internalized. Not
only contemporary feminism but also race relations and discussions
of multiculturalism are undergirded by the premise
that the withholding of recognition can be a form of oppression.
We may debate whether this factor has been exagger-
the topic of recognition is given its most influential early
treatment in Hegel.13
The importance of recognition is now universally acknowledged
in one form or another; on an intimate plane, we are
all aware of how identity can be formed or malformed
through the course of our contact with significant others. On
the social plane, we have a continuing politics of equal recognition.
Both planes have been shaped by the growing ideal
of authenticity, and recognition plays an essential role in the
culture that has arisen around this ideal.
On the intimate level, we can see how much an original
identity needs and is vulnerable to the recognition given or
withheld by significant others. It is not surprising that in the
culture of authenticity, relationships are seen as the key loci
of self-discovery and self-affirmation. Love relationships are
not just important because of the general emphasis in modern
culture on the fulfillments of ordinary needs. They are
also crucial because they are the crucibles of inwardly generated
identity.
On the social plane, the understanding that identities are
formed in open dialogue, unshaped by a predefined social
script, has made the politics of equal recognition more central
and stressful. It has, in fact, considerably raised the
stakes. Equal recognition is not just the appropriate mode for
a healthy democratic society. Its refusal can inflict damage
on those who are denied it, according to a widespread modern
view, as I indicated at the outset. The projection of an
inferior or demeaning image on another can actually distort
and oppress, to the extent that the image is internalized. Not
only contemporary feminism but also race relations and discussions
of multiculturalism are undergirded by the premise
that the withholding of recognition can be a form of oppression.
We may debate whether this factor has been exagger-
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