The establishmemt of legal rules ordinarily is not a very expensive process, requiring only that a law be passed by a legislative body or that jude make a decision that helps to articulate a rule, and that the rule be properly communicated. The social resources devoted to passing a rule against littering and promulgating it are not great; and, though the resources needed for legislating and communicating more complex rules may be large than for a rule against littering, they still seem much less than the type of costs that i am about to discuss.