L. plantarum WCFS1 was kindly provided by Dr Colin Ingham at the
Wageningen University, Netherlands. Culturing was performed in de Man,
Rogosa and Sharpe medium (BD Sciences, Mississauga, ON, Canada ) at 37 1C
without shaking. Cultures were grown to either mid-log (OD600 ¼ 1.0) or
stationary phase (overnight growth). For metabolomic analysis, 50 mL cultures
of L. plantarum were grown to either mid-log (OD600 ¼ 1; 6 h) or stationary
phase (until OD600 stabilized at 1.8; 48 h).