Vertical fluxes
The vertical fluxes include the carbon exchanges between the MSWM system and the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere: (i) direct vertical fluxes, covering methane and carbon dioxide emissions through the anaerobic digestion and aerobic biodegradation, the carbon dioxide emission through the thermal decomposition, and the leachate outlet to the water body or immigration to soil; and (ii) indirect vertical fluxes, consisting of carbon emissions from burning fossil fuel for collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of the MSW.