Cultivation of S. acmella took place in Williams, OR at Horizon Herbs. Fresh, whole plants of S. acmella were harvested. Species was verified by Richard Cech (Horizon Herbs, Williams, OR) and voucher specimens were submitted to the University of North Carolina Herbarium in Chapel Hill, NC (accession numbers 583423 and 583424). The plants were one year old at time of harvest. A typical protocol for the manufacture of dry root ethanolic extracts was followed and has been described previously (Spelman et al., 2009b). After extraction, extracts were concentrated to 10 mg/mL by speedvac for in vitro and in vivo experiments.