hand, Middleton (1989) has found that voluntary
organizations tend to avoid planning in
contexts of goal ambiguity and absence of
institutional pressures.
The organizations in this study are discouraged
from adopting rational organizing
processes, because these are not associated
with institutional benets or expectations
such as funding increases, enhanced legitimacy,
compliance to legal requirements,
effectiveness etc. Furthermore, the dominant
set of values and beliefs held by current
inuential NSO and GSS members is reective
of a preference towards amateur, less structured
operating procedures and passive
acceptance of the direct state involvement in
the NSOs’ operation. This reinforces the
ndings of Slack and Thibault (1988) who
have shown that structures and procedures
in sport organizations embody the values
and beliefs of their governing actors.