We tested the effect of institutional ownership aggregation on CEO total pay. We found
that in this case the correlation between the two is positive, indicating that small
institutional holdings does not monitor and control CEO pay which leads to increases of
CEO compensation. On the other hand small holdings do not tie institutions to the
company as in the opposite case which allows them to “vote with feet” and sell the
company shares (Parrino, Sias, and Starks, 2003).