In a eutrophic ecosystem, increased sediment and nutrient loads from farming, urban development, water treatment plants, and industry, in combination with atmospheric nitrogen, help trigger both macroalgae and phytoplankton (chlorophyll α) blooms, exceeding the capacity of grazer control. These blooms can result in decreased water clarity, decreased light penetration, decreased dissolved oxygen, loss of submerged aquatic vegetation, nuisance/toxic algal blooms, and the contamination or die off of fish and shellfish.