Two views have arisen as to why testing seems to provide such a benefit over repeated study. The first view, provided by McDaniel,[17] states that testing allows people to formulate newer, more lasting connections between items than does repeated study. The second view, provided by Karpicke and Roediger [18] studied how the effect of testing on memory retention. They found that re-studying or re-reading memorized information has no effect, but trying to recall the information had an effect. New findings[19] show more support for the second view.