Potential Moderators
Alcohol Use Alcohol use was assessed using the Alcohol
Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). The AUDIT is
a measure of the prevalence of alcohol use [18]. Cronbach’s
alpha for the AUDIT was .91 at baseline and .92 at followup
for this sample.
Male Role Norms Participants completed the ten-item Male
Role Norms Scale [19] to assess acceptance of traditional
masculinity and masculine social roles. The Male Role
Norms Scale has three underlying dimensions: status norms
“It is essential for a guy to get respect from others”,
toughness norms “Ayoung man should be physically tough,
even if he’s not big”, and anti-femininity norms “I don’t
think a husband should have to do housework”. The eightitem
version of the scale has shown excellent psychometric
characteristics [19, 20], α=.76 and α=.93 at pre- and
posttest, respectively, for this sample.
AIDS-Related Stigma Beliefs We administered nine AIDSrelated
stigma items that have been adapted from previous
research for use in South Africa [21]. The AIDS stigma
items reflect negative beliefs about people living with AIDS
(e.g. dirty, cursed, untrustworthy), shamefulness of the
behaviour of people living with HIV/AIDS (e.g. guilt,
shame, weak), and endorsement of social sanctions against
people with HIV/AIDS (e.g. should not work with children,
restrictions on freedom). The items are responded to on a
strongly agree=4 to strongly disagree=1 scale, and were
internally consistent, α=.82 and α=.88 at pre- and posttest,
respectively, for this sample.