Extrusion is known as a continuous mixing, kneading, and
shaping process. In the late 1980s, extruder was found as bio-
reactors to liquefy starch with thermostable enzymes, using ther-
mal and mechanical energy under controlled operating conditions.
Pure starch or
fl
our could be hydrolyzed to produce a variety of
dextrins (
Tomas, Oliveira, & McCarthy, 1997
). Moreover, extrusion
was also used to disrupt cereal protein bodies (
Batterman-Azcona &
Hamaker, 1998
).
De Mesa-Sronestreet et al. (2012)
reported that