If a sample contains a species which forms a thermally stable compound with the analyte that is not completely decomposed by the energy available in the flame then chemical interference exists. Refractory elements such as Ti, W, Zr, Mo and Al may combine with oxygen to form thermally stable oxides. Analysis of such elements can be carried out at higher flame temperatures using nitrous oxide – acetylene flame instead of air-acetylene to provide higher dissociation energy. Alternately an excess of another element or compound can be added e.g. Ca in presence of phosphate produces stable calcium phosphate which reduces absorption due to Ca ion. If an excess of lanthanum is added it forms a thermally stable compound with phosphate and calcium absorption is not affected