the popular Islamic belief that men tend
to be ruled by reason, and women by
passion … to define the political relations
of gender rights and citizenship
under Islam. In their view, because
men are constructed as more rational,
and have certain God-given rights as
men over women, they represent the
normative citizens of the umma …
Morally [women] are second class
citizens who derive their status through
men (1999: 358).