In sum, it can be concluded that addiction not necessary exists immediately, but also can develop
through habits; those habits can become maladaptive (i.e. function as an escape) and lead to the
development of an addiction. Smartphone addiction is a behavioral addiction that negatively
interferes with a person’s life. Smartphone addiction behavior can include an intense focus on the
smartphone or a specific application, for example, checking, posting, or interacting on social media
platforms. If the smartphone or application will be removed from the addicted person, panic attacks
or feelings of discomfort emerge (Young, 1999; Huisman et al., 2000; Shaffer, 1996).
Based on the properties of the smartphone it can be assumed that smartphone habits (usage rituals)
can form a smartphone addiction.