We therefore suggest that management, to enhance resilience or adaptation, for example, cannot be based on the assumption of a uniform response to climate change across a species range. We dedicate this paper to all volunteers participating in the national breeding bird monitoring schemes. Thord Fransson and Tuomo Kolehmainen supplied the Swedish bird ringing recovery data. Liselott Marklund and Per- Anders Esseen made Swedish habitat data available. The
Swedish Bird Survey is supported by grants from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Arend Van Dijk, SOVON, organises the BMP and Arco Van Strien, Statistics Netherlands and Ruud Foppen, SOVON, were involved in producing Dutch trends for common birds. We particularly thank Mark Rehfisch, Dan Chamberlain, Christiaan Both and an anonymous referee for providing valuable comments to improve an early version of this paper. J.-P. Moussus kindly improved the English.