Third, scholars could investigate the reverse causality and ask how regime shifts contribute to
landscape changes. An interesting option for theoretical work is to link the MLP to work on long-waves
(Perez, 2002): economy-wide techno-economic paradigm shifts could perhaps be conceptualized as
arising from multiple regime shifts. Along similar lines, Berkhout et al. (2009:225) suggest that macro-
economic development can be studied as the outcome of “the emergence of new socio-technical
systems, replacing or radically altering traditional and early modern systems in key sectors, including
energy, transport, agriculture and food, water and urban development”. They suggest that “the systems
innovation framework appears to offer a new way of viewing processes of economic development that
focuses on formation and reconfiguration of socio-technical regimes” (p. 226). This suggestion, which
entails an ambitious attempt to link transition studies with broader economic development debates,
remains to be further developed.