Typical charging characteristics of lithium-ion battery. The charging curve of the lithium-ion battery equipped in Nissan Altra EV is shown in Fig. 2.3. In completely discharging situations, the demand for energy is 29.07 kWh. In this study, the charging curve in Fig. 2.3 of typical charging pattern is employed. The starting time of charging. It has much randomness at the starting time of charging. And a distribution model of the starting time is established to describe this randomness. Assume that the distribution of the starting time obeys a Gaussian
distribution, that is
Most EV users start charging after returning home from work at 18:00 and the starting time for charging of more than ninety percent of EV users is between 13:00 and 23:00. Therefore, in this case, it takes μ as 18 and takes σ as 5. The probability distribution of the starting time is shown in Fig. 2.4. The initial SOC. The initial SOC of EV battery also presents some certain randomness. Using probability distribution model, it is described as