A ballpoint pen, also known as a "biro"[1] and "ball pen", is a pen that dispenses ink over a metal ball at its point, i.e. over a "ball point". The metal commonly used is steel, brass or tungsten carbide.[2] It was conceived and developed as a cleaner and more reliable alternative to quill and fountain pens and is now the world's most-used writing instrument:[3] millions are manufactured and sold daily.[
Ballpoint pens have proven to be a versatile art medium for professional artists as well as amateur doodlers.[22] Low cost, availability, and portability are cited by practitioners as qualities which make this common writing tool a convenient, alternative art supply.[23] Some artists use them within mixed-media works, while others use them solely as their medium-of-choice.[24]
Effects not generally associated with ballpoint pens can be achieved.[25] Traditional pen-and-ink techniques such as stippling and cross-hatching can be used to create half-tones[26] or the illusion of form and volume.[27] For artists whose interests necessitate precision line-work, ballpoints are an obvious attraction; ballpoint pens allow for sharp lines not as effectively executed using a brush.[28] Finely applied, the resulting imagery has been mistaken for airbrushed artwork[29] and photography,[30] causing reactions of disbelief which ballpoint artist Lennie Mace refers to as the Wow Factor.[28][29]
Famous 20th Century artists such as Andy Warhol, among others, have utilised ballpoint pens to some extent during their careers.[31] Ballpoint pen artwork continues to attract interest in the 21st Century, with contemporary artists gaining recognition for their specific use of ballpoint pens; for their technical proficiency, imagination and innovation. Korean-American artist Il Lee has been creating large-scale, ballpoint-only abstract artwork since the late 1970s.[22] Since the 1980s, Lennie Mace creates imaginative, ballpoint-only artwork of varying content and complexity, applied to unconventional surfaces including wood and denim.[32] The artist coined terms such as PENtings and Media Graffiti to describe his varied output.[28] More recently, British artist James Mylne has been creating photo-realistic artwork using mostly black ballpoints, sometimes with minimal mixed-media color.[30] In the mid-2000s (decade) Juan Francisco Casas generated Internet attention for a series of large-scale, photo-realistic ballpoint duplications of his own snapshots of friends, utilising only blue pens.[33]
Using ballpoint pens to create artwork is not without limitations. Color availability and sensitivity of ink to light are among concerns of ballpoint pen artists.[34] Mistakes pose greater risks to ballpoint artists; once a line is drawn, it generally cannot be erased.[28] Additionally, "blobbing" of ink on the drawing surface and "skipping" of ink-flow require consideration when using ballpoint pens for artistic purposes.[24] Although the mechanics of ballpoint pens remain relatively unchanged, ink composition has evolved to solve certain problems over the years, resulting in unpredictable sensitivity to light and some extent of fading