Farmers demand new technologies not only from private input suppliers but from the public sector as well. Hayami and Ruttan argue that public research scientists and administrators are guided by price signals and by pressures from farmers. The more highly decentralized the research system, the more effectively these pressures work. Research systems that welcome and facilitate inputs from farmer groups and that engage in participatory planning and research are also more respon sive. The development of the research systems themselves can be the result of pressures from farmers who are responding to market forces.