The municipal wastewater in coastal areas may cause high
concentrations of total dissolved solids (400e3000 mg TDS/L),
where saline or sea water infiltration occurs within the sewer
system, having adverse effects on the conventional biological
treatment process (Thompson et al., 2006). Moreover, large industrial
cities, especially in Isfahan-Iran, have several small and big
industries that discharge their wastewater into a sanitary sewer,
and increase heavy metal concentrations, especially copper
(40 mg Cu/L) in influent, causing a toxicity of the sewage (ATSDR,
2004). Therefore, an adapted low-cost technology is important for
sustainable municipal wastewater treatment even under unfavorable
conditions, particularly with regard to developing countries
such as Iran.
The municipal wastewater in coastal areas may cause highconcentrations of total dissolved solids (400e3000 mg TDS/L),where saline or sea water infiltration occurs within the sewersystem, having adverse effects on the conventional biologicaltreatment process (Thompson et al., 2006). Moreover, large industrialcities, especially in Isfahan-Iran, have several small and bigindustries that discharge their wastewater into a sanitary sewer,and increase heavy metal concentrations, especially copper(40 mg Cu/L) in influent, causing a toxicity of the sewage (ATSDR,2004). Therefore, an adapted low-cost technology is important forsustainable municipal wastewater treatment even under unfavorableconditions, particularly with regard to developing countriessuch as Iran.
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