One variable that requires further study relates to whether the reward is tangible (e.g., financial bonus and gifts) or intangible (e.g.,praise, recognition, celebrations). Tangible rewards can be powerful motivators of safety performance (Austin, Kessler, Riccobono, & Bailey,1996). For example, one study found that establishing a token economy in which credits exchangeable for gifts were provided for meeting performance goals was effective in improving safety performance and reducing injuries in a traditionally hazardous mining setting (Fox,Hopkins, & Anger, 1987).