People deprived of opportunities to satisfy these intrinsic needs exhibit indolence, passivity, unwillingness to accept responsibility, resistance to change, and unreasonable demands for economic benefits [81]. To prevent such behaviors, Theory Y recommends au- tonomy for employees, stating, “The essential task of management is to arrange organizational conditions and methods of operation so that people can achieve their own goals best by directing their own effort towards organizational objectives. This is a process primarily of creating opportunities, releasing potential, removing obstacles, encouraging growth, providing guidance” [78, p. 15]. Reducing the autonomy of employees on the other hand, can result in poor quality and low effort, sullen and perfunctory behavior fulfilling the letter but not the spirit of an agreement, and defiance of authority [82].