2.3.2.2 Interlingual Strategies
(1) Literal Translation refers to translating literally a lexical item. An idiom, a compound word or structure from L1 to L2.
(2) Code Switching refers to using an L1 word or phrase with L1 pronunciation.
(3) Foreignizing refers to using an L1 word or phrase by adjusting it to L2 phonologically or morphologically
2.3.2.3 Intralingual Strategies
(1) Approximation refers to using an alternative term which express the meaning of the target lexical item as closely as possible.
(2) Word Coinage refers to creating a non-existing L2
(3) Circumlocution refers to describing or exemplifying the target object or action.
(4) Use of all-Purpose Word refers to extending a general, empty lexical item to contexts where specific words are lacking.
(5) Self-Repair refers to creating a new speech plan when the original one fails.
(6) Appeal for help refers to turning to the conversation partner for help either directly or indirectly.
2.3.4 Stalling or Time-Gaining Strategies
Stalling or Time-Gaining Strategies refers to using filling words or gambits to fill pauses and to gain time to think.
In this taxonomy, message abandonment and topic avoidance which categorized as avoidance or reduction strategies involve an alteration, a reduction, or complete abandonment of the intended message.
Paralinguistic, interlingual and intrallingual strategies which are defined as achievement or compensatory strategies concerns alternative plans to carry out the origin communicative goal by manipulating an available language.
Stalling or time-gaining strategies is different from the first two categories mentioned above because it does not compensate for a lack of linguistic competence in a target language but it focuses on gaining time and keeping communication channels open at times of difficulty.
Morever, there are also other important classifications of communication strategies.