The characterization of solar cells under standard test conditions is performed at 25oC. However, operational
temperatures may depart significantly from that value in photovoltaic (PV) installations. Operational conditions
depend mainly on illumination level, outdoor temperature, wind speed, location of the PV module, and its capacity
to dissipate the heat generated. It is therefore important to take in account the temperature coefficients (CT) of the
solar cell in order to predict the real power that can be produced in an installation under operating conditions. For
example, at a nominal operating temperature of T = 45oC the temperature dependence of maximum power output
(Pmpp) can be linearly parameterized in terms of its temperature coefficient (CT Pmpp) and the power output in
standard test conditions as follows: