Conclusion
Although the 24-h urine collection is burdensome for use
in large scale studies it remains the gold standard for work
addressing the impact of sodium intake on health outcomes.
The present study demonstrated that neither dietary
nor urinary methods based on morning or evening
spot samples provide adequate validity in the estimation
of dietary sodium intake at the individual level. However
the dietary methods and some of the urinary methods may
be applied at the population level for estimations of mean
dietary sodium intake.