In the past two decades, neuropsychology has made great progress in enabling us to understand emotions such as happiness and fear as neural processes. Mental representations are multimodal not only in including the various kinds of sensory ones described in chapter 4, but also in including aspects of emotional value. The brain integrates bodily perceptions with cognitive appraisals to experience a wide range of emotions that are crucial for action, and that also heavily influence what inferences we make and how we make them, for good and ill. The good emotional influences are the values that emotions attach to what we know and what we want to know, enabling us to acquire beliefs that can be relevant to our goals, rather than the unlimited number of boring and irrelevant beliefs that we might acquire by observation and inference. Unfortunately, emotions can also lead us to neglect good principles of evidence and to acquire beliefs primarily because they fit with our personal goals and prejudices. To overcome such afflictions as motivated inference, we need to be aware of how good canons of reasoning such as inference to the best explanation can be undermined by emotional distortions. In addition, we need to manage our emotions in positive directions, in ways described in chapter 8.