Discussion
A central ambition of OD is the realization of planned organizational change in whole social systems (Marshak, 2006). This means that the bodies of knowledge that help explain how individuals, groups, organizations, communities, and even societies change are all pertinent to the field. Following on from Berger and Luckmann (1966), there are three things about organizations that can change, which leads us to distinguish between three types of change process that can take place. Each can be associated with a distinct type of problem, allowing us to suggest whether and which OD intervention is suitable for a particular purpose. It also allows monitoring of the course of the change process by assessing what type of change is actually occurring. To take advantage of these more practical implications, specific examples of OD interventions with each of the three change types will be given. One type of problem is associated with the level of symmetry between an individual’s ‘subjective’ perceived social reality and the ‘objective’ institutionalized Organization Development: What’s Actually social reality at the level of the team, subunit, or organization as a whole. This asymmetry can be the root cause of a range of problems involving the functioning of individuals in the organization and solutions need to be aimed at socializing the individual better in the symbolic universe. This type of change is typical of training situations and can also happen in collective gatherings as part of large group interventions and other whole-systems interventions in which the individual perspective is exchanged with the ‘whole system’ (Bunker et al., 2005; Purser and Griffin, 2008).
สนทนาA central ambition of OD is the realization of planned organizational change in whole social systems (Marshak, 2006). This means that the bodies of knowledge that help explain how individuals, groups, organizations, communities, and even societies change are all pertinent to the field. Following on from Berger and Luckmann (1966), there are three things about organizations that can change, which leads us to distinguish between three types of change process that can take place. Each can be associated with a distinct type of problem, allowing us to suggest whether and which OD intervention is suitable for a particular purpose. It also allows monitoring of the course of the change process by assessing what type of change is actually occurring. To take advantage of these more practical implications, specific examples of OD interventions with each of the three change types will be given. One type of problem is associated with the level of symmetry between an individual’s ‘subjective’ perceived social reality and the ‘objective’ institutionalized Organization Development: What’s Actually social reality at the level of the team, subunit, or organization as a whole. This asymmetry can be the root cause of a range of problems involving the functioning of individuals in the organization and solutions need to be aimed at socializing the individual better in the symbolic universe. This type of change is typical of training situations and can also happen in collective gatherings as part of large group interventions and other whole-systems interventions in which the individual perspective is exchanged with the ‘whole system’ (Bunker et al., 2005; Purser and Griffin, 2008).
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