Recently, the focus has moved beyond traditional measures and switched to a more multidimensional analysis, as income or consumption alone may produce false notions of poverty. In his Population Bulletin, Mark Montgomery provides a framework for multiple aspects of urban well-being. This consists of the following areas:
•Health
•Consumption (of private goods and services, leisure, shelter, and health services)
•Freedom from violence and crime
•Personal efficacy
•Collective efficacy and political voice