the literature on diffusion indicates that to promote IT use, implementation plans should incorporate both micro-level and macro-level aspects of diffusion (Miranda, 2007). Micro-level theories that focus on adopter characteristics and processes follow an instrumentalist philosophy, which argues that the needs of individuals drive social change (Surry & Farquhar, 1997). This suggests that teachers’ and students’ needs drive the development of innovations and influence the extent to which teachers adopt instructional technologies. In contrast, Surry and Farquhar (1997) argue, macro-level theories focus on organizational characteristics and follow a deterministic philosophy, which contends that developers supply technological innovations and drive social change. Macro-level theories suggest that educational experts, industry, state education organizations, and district leaders define needs, develop solutions, and enforce technology use through policies, accountability, and regulations.