Numerous parasitoids and predators attack all developmental stages of P. xylostella. In
addition, general predators such as birds and spiders often consume adult moths. Over 90
species of parasitoids have been recorded worldwide (Goodwin 1979) attacking all developmental
stages of P. xylostella. Of these, the most predominant and effective larval parasitoids
belong to three major genera, Apanteles, Cotesia and Diadegma and pupal parasitoids belonging
to the genus Diadromus.