deforestation, loss of apex fish species such Arapaima spp.
may alter food web structure, water quality, and nutrient
cycles (Estes et al. 2011). Though poorly studied, depletion
of megaherbivores (e.g., manatees and capybaras)
has been implicated in historical overgrowth of macrophytes
on floodplains (Junk 2000).